In brief
Proposed in November 2023, the Pectra upgrade follows March 2024’s Dencun upgrade and is scheduled for rollout in March 2025.
Pectra is the third significant upgrade since the merge in 2022, which saw Ethereum move from a proof-of-work algorithm to proof-of-stake.
Pectra improves network performance and user experience by merging the Prague and Electra upgrades.
Key features include account abstraction, smart contract optimizations, and improved staking.
Stakers benefit from higher validator limits, from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH, and flexible withdrawals.
What Is the Ethereum Pectra upgrade?
When will Ethereum’s Pectra upgrade happen?
How does the Pectra upgrade work?
Key features of Pectra
Account Abstraction: This feature enables gas payments using multiple tokens (e.g., USDC, DAI) and allows third-party fee sponsorship.
Smart Contract Optimizations (EIP-7692): Enhances Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) efficiency.
Validator Upgrades:
EIP-7002: Enables flexible staking withdrawals.
EIP-7251: Increases validator staking limits from 32 ETH to 2,048 ETH.
Data Storage Enhancements:
Verkle Trees: Reduces storage requirements and improves transaction processing.
PeerDAS: Enhances Layer 2 scalability and reduces network congestion.
pectra is shaping up to a BIG upgrade, possibly the largest in ethereum’s history, so let’s review all the code changes that are going into pectra so far and what is still TBD: ⚡️🧵
— Christine Kim (@christine_dkim) June 6, 2024
What Ethereum Improvement Proposals are part of the Pectra upgrade?
EIP-7702 temporarily functions as smart contracts for externally owned accounts (EOAs), simplifying transactions and replacing the now-deprecated EIP-3074.
EIP-7251 increases the maximum stake per validator from 32 ETH to 2,048 ETH, which helps reduce congestion.
EIP-7002 improves the process of validator exits, making it more efficient for staking providers.
EIP-7742 enhances Layer-2 scalability by doubling transaction throughput, increasing blob capacity, and lowering fees.
EIP-2537 introduces improvements for cryptographic efficiency.
EIP-2935 provides a mechanism for storing historical block hashes on-chain.
EIP-6110 simplifies the process of validator deposits.
How will the Pectra upgrade affect users?
Potential challenges of the Pectra upgrade
The future of Ethereum after Pectra
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